科尔沁沙地土地利用时空演变及空间自相关分析——以奈曼旗为例

利用奈曼旗2000、2006、2012年和2018年4期遥感数据，在ENVI5.3和ArcGIS10.2的支持下，运用土地利用动态变化空间分析模型、空间变化率指数和土地利用程度空间自相关，分析奈曼旗土地利用时空动态演变规律，为科尔沁沙地沙漠化土地治理及生态环境恢复提供参考信息。结果表明:1）各沙漠化土地整体呈逆转趋势，耕地、林草地和建筑用地呈发展趋势，研究区生态环境逐渐好转；2）人口增长、经济发展和政府政策导致耕地和林草地空间变化呈扩展型，各沙漠化土地呈衰退型；3）耕地和林草地与同期其他土地利用类型转化幅度逐年增长，空间变化率指数逐年增加，各沙化土地空间变化率指数逐年下降，仍需坚持生态环境恢复，沙漠化土地重点治理；4）土地利用程度呈高度空间自相关，在空间上的聚集区域固定，高-高值聚集在南部黄土区，面积逐年减少，低-低值聚集在中部沙区，面积减少幅度较小。     

科研院所制度建设与思考 ——以中国热带农业科学院椰子研究所为例

制度建设是科研院所提升科技创新能力、推进成果转化应用、开展科技服务的重要保障.文章重点介绍了中国热带农业科学院椰子研究所制度建设的经验和做法,并结合科研院所实际,从制度建设的方法、程序、执行等方面提出了加强科研院所制度建设的建议.     

国土空间背景下的城市绿色空间体系规划研究

国土空间规划是生态文明建设的重要内容,也是国土空间治理体系现代化的基础,探讨在国土空间背景下的绿色空间体系规划、划定严格的空间保护建设等级和严格分类管理,对于国土资源统筹保护和修复具有重要的意义。文章以北京市二道绿隔平原区为研究区域,首先提出适用于二道绿隔地区的绿色空间定义;其次从基质完形、廊道构建和斑块保护3方面构建完整的绿色空间体系;最后综合提出绿色空间体系的优化对策。     

木薯金属硫蛋白基因的克隆和表达分析

金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)分子量小,半胱氨酸含量高,具有消除离子自由基,减弱重金属毒性和减少体内活性氧积累等功能。为探究木薯金属硫蛋白基因(MeMT)的原核表达能力和对活性氧的耐受性,本研究通过木薯cDNA克隆获取MeMT并将其连接至pET-28a,在BL21(DE3)菌株中成功诱导其表达。H2O2耐受性分析发现,与空载菌株相比,表达MeMT蛋白的DE3菌株对H2O2的耐受水平较高。RT-qPCR技术检测显示,在H2O2胁迫下,3 h时木薯叶片中MeMT的表达水平明显升高,但6 h时恢复甚至略低于对照组,证明MeMT在木薯中参与ROS应答过程。该结果对研究木薯抗逆性和产量的提高具有重要意义。     

基于RNMU的多源星载SAR影像融合与土地覆盖分类

为充分利用多时相、多极化SAR数据在不同土地覆盖类型中的后向散射特性,将递归非负矩阵下近似(Recursive nonnegative matrix underapproximation,RNMU)算法引入多源SAR数据的融合,并利用融合后的SAR影像实现较高精度的土地覆盖分类。融合过程中,在根据不同模式SAR影像特点进行多源SAR影像预处理的基础上,基于RNMU算法通过对多个输入SAR影像进行矩阵分解及迭代最优矩阵求解,得到融合影像。为验证融合后SAR影像在土地覆盖分类中的应用效果,以吉林省大安市为研究区,对多时相Sentinel-1的VV/VH双极化SAR数据和高分三号(GF-3)的HH/HV双极化SAR数据进行了基于RNMU的影像融合,并利用融合后的SAR影像进行研究区主要土地覆盖类型分类。实验结果表明,基于RNMU融合影像的土地覆盖分类总体精度达93. 11%,Kappa系数为0. 86,与Gram-Schmid(G-S)融合方法相比,分类总体精度提高了6. 83个百分点,Kappa系数提高0. 12。多源SAR融合为SAR影像融合提供了有效手段,为土地覆盖分类提供了更多高精度的数据资源。     

Conversion of cropland into agroforestry land versus naturally-restored grassland alters soil macro-faunal diversity and trophic structure in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China

Restoration of cropland(termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs(termed 'Shrub'),trees(termed 'Tree') and natural grassland(termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites(Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass)during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores(i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly(P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites,the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index(P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.     

Intercropping fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with and without biochar: Tests along a competition gradient

Integrating soil amendment biochar to legume‐based intercropping systems may amplify the intercropping benefits and lead to more sustainable production due to its positive effects on the soil physicochemical and biological environment. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a legume used in an intercropping system in several countries in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. A barley cultivar and an Iranian fenugreek ecotype were studied in two replacement series experiments to find the best combination of the two species as well as the effect of adding biochar to the soil. Fenugreek and barley were grown in 4‐L pots in five density combinations (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, 0:20) with and without application of biochar in sandy loam soil. The biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) amount of the two crops were measured fifty days after sowing, and the Relative Yield Total (RYT) was estimated. Our results showed that biochar application resulted in a higher total biomass, N and C amount in all combinations of fenugreek and barley. Total biomass was increased by biochar 19.2% when fenugreek was grown alone and 8.1 and 12.9% in series with 25 and 50% barley when biochar was added, respectively. Biochar increased dry matter, N and C accumulation in both crop species in the mixtures. An exception was the C amount of barley which was not influenced by biochar in intercropping. RYT values were largest for biomass, C and N amount in mixtures with 15 fenugreek plants per pot and 5 barley plants per pot corresponding to approximately 400 fenugreek plants per m mixed with 130 barley plants per m². Biochar application increased RYT of the total dry weight by 2.7 and 5.5% in mixtures of 25 and 50% barley plants, RYT of the total nitrogen by 0.8% in mixtures with 25% barley plants, and RYT of the total carbon by 2.7 and 6.6% in mixtures with 25 and 50% barley plants. The RYT values declined with increasing number of barley plants as a result of a less competitive ability of fenugreek when growing in high barley densities. The yield was highest with intercropping but monoculture of barley also resulted in high yields. The total highest yield was found when approximately 130 fenugreek plants per m² were mixed with 400 barley plants per m². Mixtures with 75% fenugreek and 25% barley obtained RYT values larger than 1 for biomass, carbon and nitrogen percentages.     

中华卤虫家系构建几个关键技术探讨

本文就中华卤虫(Artemia.sinica)家系构建的几个关键技术进行了具体的讨论。交配产卵阶段基本参数研究结果表明,多数家系在抱对后24~60小时便开始产卵,平均间隔时间为55.68小时,具有较好的产卵及时性,同时有效地排除了假性交配现象,保证了在第20日龄时测定各性状值后建立家系、统计交配、产卵数据的准确性。各家系产卵情况统计结果表明,以生产2批卵的家系最多,46个,以产卵总量在151~200粒之间的家系最多,26个,产卵总量大于150粒的家系为70个,完全满足家系构建的需要。半同胞家系方面,在全同胞家系获得足够数量休眠卵的基础上,对仍在抱对的家系采用人工分离抱对雌雄个体的方法进行半同胞家系的组建,以便实现半同胞家系构建的同步性。本试验各生产阶段基本参数的获得,对指导中华卤虫构建家系进行遗传选育提供了理论依据。     

泰州市稻田综合种养产业发展分析及建议

系统阐述了泰州市稻田综合种养产业的发展现状,包括分布区域、经营主体、种养模式等,统计了不同种养模式的应用面积、产量及收益,对稻田综合种养及常规稻麦种植两种模式下的经济效益进行了对比。结果表明,稻田综合种养模式能显著提高土地利用率,促进当地农业增效和农民增收。通过对稻田综合种养模式推广应用过程中的比较优势以及存在问题进行系统分析,提出了针对性的解决措施和建议。     

油草混播种类对油菜生产和草地生产性能的影响

为筛选与门源油菜混播效益最高的牧草种类,解决油菜连作障碍问题,提高青藏高原高海拔区土地的生产能力,本研究采用油菜混播箭筈豌豆、青稞和燕麦的方式,分时段取样,探究了油菜混播不同牧草对在不同时段牧草自身生产能力的影响,并通过土地当量比判断各混播组合的优劣。研究表明油菜-燕麦混播处理在7月6日时表现干重最高,单位面积达174.48 g；在7月21日表现为鲜重和鲜干比最高,在8月15日时表现为株高显著高于单作油菜(p＜0.05),较单作油菜高97.02%；鲜重最高,达2817.00 g。在9月11日,油菜-青稞和油菜-燕麦混播处理的株高显著高于单作油菜(p＜0.05),分别较单作油菜高64.33%和99.68%,以油菜-青稞混播处理的干重最高,达589.00 g,较单作油菜处理高147.51%。油菜-箭筈豌豆混播和油菜-燕麦混播有产量优势,油菜-燕麦混播的土地当量比最高,为1.11,土地利用效果最好。